But when reason and the study of history began revealing the irrationality, the limitations, and the merely transitory nature of the capitalist order, bourgeois ideology as a whole and with it bourgeois economics began abandoning both reason and history.

The process of writing is a process of learning and much has become clearer to me in the attempt to transform my original rough notes into what I hope is an intelligible presentation.

If society has a technical need, that helps science forward more than ten universities.

Indeed, I find it illuminating to consider to what extent our classical conditions for economic growth are satisfied in the current, monopolistic phase of capitalism.

many seemingly independent businessmen or craftsman are more or less well paid retainers of larger corporations, such as the cobbler, operating a United States shoe machine or an automobile dealer holding a license of the General Motors Corporation.

The present Indian government, however, is neither able or willing to accept the challenge and to provide the leadership in breaking the resistance of urban and rural interests.

By elevating the dictum of the market to the role of the sole criterion of rationality and efficiency, economics denies even all respectability to the distinction between essential and non-essential consumption, between productive and unproductive labor, between actual and potential surplus.

For it is no railways, roads, and power stations that give rise to industrial capitalism: it is the emergence of industrial capitalism that leads to the building of railways, to the construction of roads, and to the establishment of power stations.

To contribute to the emergence of a society in which development will supplant stagnation, in which growth will take the place of decay, and in which culture will put an end to barbarism is the noblest, and, indeed, the only true function of intellectual endeavor.

Indeed, the whole bourgeoisie on whose behalf the government was acting as its committee was a composite of a vast multitude of businessmen appearing as a conglomeration of many different and divergent groups and interests.

Whatever market for manufactured goods emerged in colonial and dependent countries did not become the eternal market of these countries. Thrown wide open by colonization and by unequal treaties, it became an appendage of the internal market of Western capitalism.

In fact, all the additional knowledge gained by an irrationally constituted society may but enlarge and enhance the powers of death and destruction.

The principal impact of foreign enterprise on the development of the underdeveloped countries lies in hardening and strengthening the sway of merchant capitalism, in slowing down and indeed preventing its transformation into industrial capitalism.