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We have learnt through experience that when an electrical ray strikes the surface of an atom, an electron, and in some circumstances a second and even a third electron, can be detached.

Johannes Stark

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Johannes Stark
Age: 83 †
Born: 1874
Born: April 15
Died: 1957
Died: June 21
Physicist
University Teacher
Circumstances
Learnt
Second
Detached
Experience
Rays
Even
Atoms
Strikes
Electron
Third
Electrons
Thirds
Electrical
Surface
Atom

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It is more likely that more than a century will pass before we know the structure of the chemical atoms as thoroughly as we do our solar system.
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A beam of luminous hydrogen canal rays has, owing to its velocity, exactly the same direction as that of the electric field in which it may be made to move.
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For under certain conditions the chemical atoms emit light waves of a specific length or oscillation frequency - their familiar characteristic spectra - and these can come in the form of electromagnetic waves only from accelerated electric quanta.
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The most common and most important result of them is that the nature and size of the effect on corresponding series of different elements are largely an expression of the peculiarity of their atomic structure - or, at least, of the structure of the surface.
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The question of the composition of perceptible objects is one which already occupied the mind of the ancient Greeks.
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At the head of these new discoveries and insights comes the establishment of the facts that electricity is composed of discrete particles of equal size, or quanta, and that light is an electromagnetic wave motion.
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Along a series of lines running from longer to shorter wavelengths the effect of the electric field becomes greater as the serial numbers increase - that is, as the wavelength decreases.
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The movement of the emitters of the spectral lines may be deduced on the basis of the Doppler principle.
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An external electric field, meeting it and passing through it, affects the negative as much as the positive quanta of the atom, and pushes the former to one side, and the latter in the other direction.
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By allowing the positive ions to pass through an electric field and thus giving them a certain velocity, it is possible to distinguish them from the neutral, stationary atoms.
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