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In degenerating programmes, however, theories are fabricated only in order to accommodate known facts

Imre Lakatos

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Imre Lakatos
Age: 51 †
Born: 1922
Born: November 9
Died: 1974
Died: February 2
Mathematician
Philosopher
Physicist
University Teacher
Imre Lipschitz
Lakatos Imre
Imre Lakatos
Known
Facts
Degenerating
Order
Fabricated
Programmes
Accommodate
Theories
However
Theory

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Indeed, this epistemological theory of the relation between theory and experiment differs sharply from the epistemological theory of naive falsificationism.
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The classical example of a successful research programme is Newton's gravitational theory: possibly the most successful research programme ever.
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Intellectual honesty consists in stating the precise conditions under which one will give up one's belief.
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Man's respect for knowledge is one of his most peculiar characteristics. Knowledge in Latin is scientia, and science came to be the name of the most respectable kind of knowledge.
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Mathematics does not grow through a monotonous increase of the number of indubitably established theorems but through the incessant improvement of guesses by speculation and criticism, by the logic of proofs and refutations.
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It would be wrong to assume that one must stay with a research programme until it has exhausted all its heuristic power, that one must not introduce a rival programme before everybody agrees that the point of degeneration has probably been reached.
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The great scientific achievements are research programmes which can be evaluated in terms of progressive and degenerative problemshifts and scientific revolutions consist of one research programme superceding (overtaking in progress) another. This methodology offers a new rational reconstruction of science.
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The history of mathematics, lacking the guidance of philosophy, [is] blind, while the philosophy of mathematics, turning its back on the most intriguing phenomena in the history of mathematics, is empty.
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Belief may be a regrettably unavoidable biological weakness to be kept under the control of criticism: but commitment is for Popper an outright crime.
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Blind commitment to a theory is not an intellectual virtue: it is an intellectual crime.
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It is not that we propose a theory and Nature may shout NO rather, we propose a maze of theories, and Nature may shout INCONSISTENT.
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The positive heuristic of the programme saves the scientist from becoming confused by the ocean of anomalies.
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Philosophy of science without history of science is empty history of science without philosophy of science is blind.
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If even in science there is no a way of judging a theory but by assessing the number, faith and vocal energy of its supporters, then this must be even more so in the social sciences: truth lies in power.
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The proving power of the intellect or the senses was questioned by the skeptics more than two thousand years ago but they were browbeaten into confusion by the glory of Newtonian physics.
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There is no falsification before the emergence of a better theory.
Imre Lakatos