Quote

Freedom [should not be] conceived negatively as exemption from social influences or situational constraints. Rather...positively as the exercise of self-influence to bring about desired results.

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Exercise
Situational
Influence
Exemption
Bring
Negatively
Results
Conceived
Rather
Desired
Freedom
Constraints
Social
Positively
Self
Influences

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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps
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Forceful actions arising from erroneous beliefs often create social effects that confirm the misbeliefs
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Perceived self-efficacy influences the types of causal attributions people make for their performances
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People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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Many people who gain recognition and fame shape their lives by overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles, only to be catapulted into new social realities over which they have less control and manage badly. Indeed, the annals of the famous and infamous are strewn with individuals who were both architects and victims of their life courses.
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The evaluative habits developed in sibling interactions undoubtedly affect the salience and choice of comparative referents in self-ability evaluations in later life
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Perceived self-efficacy also shapes causal thinking. In seeking solutions to difficult problems, those who perceived themselves as highly efficacious are inclined to attribute their failures to insufficient effort, whereas those of comparable skills but lower perceived self-efficacy ascribe their failures to deficient ability
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The effects of outcome expectancies on performance motivation are partly governed by self-beliefs of efficacy
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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Self-percepts foster actions that generate information, as well as serve as a filtering mechanism for self-referent information in the self-maintaining process
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Self-efficacy beliefs differ from outcome expectations, judgments of the likely consequence [that] behavior will produce.
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Except for events that carry great weight, it is not experience per se, but how they match expectations, that governs their emotional impact
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People behave agentically, but they produce theories that afford people very little agency.
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The presence of many interacting influences, including the attainments of others, create further leeway in how one's performances and outcomes are cognitively appraised
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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To grant thought causal efficacy is not to invoke a disembodied mental state
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Perceived self-efficacy and beliefs about the locus of outcome causality must be distinguished
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Incongruities between self-efficacy and action may stem from misperceptions of task demands, as well as from faulty self-knowledge
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