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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Receive
Various
Direct
Social
Children
Appropriateness
Time
Comparisons
Instruction
Comparison

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When actions are followed by events that are not causally related to the prior acts, people often erroneously perceive contingencies that do not, in fact, exist
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Self-appraisals are influenced by evaluative reactions of others.
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Regression analyses show that self-efficacy contributes to achievement behavior beyond the effects of cognitive skills
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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People infer high self-efficacy from successes achieved through minimal effort on difficult tasks, but they infer low self-efficacy if they had to work hard under favorable conditions to master relatively easy tasks
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Moral justification is a powerful disengagement mechanism. Destructive conduct is made personally and socially acceptable by portraying it in the service of moral ends. This is why most appeals against violent means usually fall on deaf ears.
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Self-appraisals of efficacy are reasonably accurate, but they diverge from action because people do not know fully what they will have to do, lack information for regulating their effort, or are hindered by external factors from doing what they can
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In order to succeed, people need a sense of self-efficacy, to struggle together with resilience to meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life.
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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Measures of self-precept must be tailored to the domain of psychological functioning being explored.
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People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided.
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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Once established, reputations do not easily change.
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Humans are producers of their life circumstance not just products of them.
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.
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Perceived self-efficacy also shapes causal thinking. In seeking solutions to difficult problems, those who perceived themselves as highly efficacious are inclined to attribute their failures to insufficient effort, whereas those of comparable skills but lower perceived self-efficacy ascribe their failures to deficient ability
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Incongruities between self-efficacy and action may stem from misperceptions of task demands, as well as from faulty self-knowledge
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