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To the extent that children with similar characteristics achieve comparable performance levels, using the performances of similar peers is likely to yield more accurate self-appraisal than using the accomplishments of dissimilar peers

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Accomplishment
Achieve
Characteristics
Dissimilar
Levels
Similar
Appraisal
Self
Extent
Comparable
Children
Performance
Accomplishments
Likely
Peers
Performances
Accurate
Yield
Using

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Self-doubt creates the impetus for learning but hinders adept use of previously established skills
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing.
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Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations.
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Even the self-assured will raise their perceived self-efficacy if models teach them better ways of doing things.
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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One cannot afford to be a realist.
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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Very often we developed a better grasp of the subjects than the over worked teachers.
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When actions are followed by events that are not causally related to the prior acts, people often erroneously perceive contingencies that do not, in fact, exist
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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy
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Given a sufficient level of perceived self-efficacy to take on threatening tasks, phobics perform them with varying amounts of fear arousal depending on the strength of their perceived self-efficacy
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We are more heavily invested in the theories of failure than we are in the theories of success.
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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