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Comparative appraisals of efficacy require not only evaluation of ones own performances but also knowledge of how others do, cognizance of nonability determinants of their performances, and some understanding that it is others, like oneself, who provide the most informative social criterion for comparison

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Performances
Comparative
Oneself
Criterion
Understanding
Efficacy
Knowledge
Evaluation
Appraisals
Social
Criteria
Determinants
Others
Comparison
Cognizance
Also
Require
Appraisal
Like
Provide
Informative

More quotes by Albert Bandura

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People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
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Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing.
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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps
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For many activities, people cannot rely solely on themselves in evaluating their ability level because such judgments require inferences from probabilistic indicants of talent about which they may have limited knowledge. Self-appraisals are, therefore, partly based on the opinions of others who presumably possess evaluative competence
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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People infer high self-efficacy from successes achieved through minimal effort on difficult tasks, but they infer low self-efficacy if they had to work hard under favorable conditions to master relatively easy tasks
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Misbeliefs in one's inefficacy may retard development of the very subskills upon which more complex performances depend
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Ironically, it is the talented who have high aspirations, which are possible but exceedingly difficult to realize, who are especially vulnerable to self-dissatisfaction despite notable achievements.
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Given a sufficient level of perceived self-efficacy to take on threatening tasks, phobics perform them with varying amounts of fear arousal depending on the strength of their perceived self-efficacy
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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy
Albert Bandura
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
Albert Bandura
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Incongruities between self-efficacy and action may stem from misperceptions of task demands, as well as from faulty self-knowledge
Albert Bandura
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Moreover, joint occurrences tend to be better recalled than instances when the effect does not occur. The proneness to remember confirming instances, but to overlook disconfirming ones, further serves to convert, in thought, coincidences into causalities.
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
Albert Bandura
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Regression analyses show that self-efficacy contributes to achievement behavior beyond the effects of cognitive skills
Albert Bandura
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Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.
Albert Bandura
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Perceived self-efficacy and beliefs about the locus of outcome causality must be distinguished
Albert Bandura
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People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
Albert Bandura