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Self-appraisals of efficacy are reasonably accurate, but they diverge from action because people do not know fully what they will have to do, lack information for regulating their effort, or are hindered by external factors from doing what they can

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Effort
Efficacy
Action
Reasonably
Self
External
People
Accurate
Appraisals
Factors
Diverge
Fully
Hindered
Lack
Regulating
Information
Appraisal

More quotes by Albert Bandura

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Self-doubt creates the impetus for learning but hinders adept use of previously established skills
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
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People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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When experience contradicts firmly held judgments of self-efficacy, people may not change their beliefs about themselves if the conditions of performance are such as to lead them to discount the import of the experience
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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People behave agentically, but they produce theories that afford people very little agency.
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Perceived self-efficacy influences the types of causal attributions people make for their performances
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When actions are followed by events that are not causally related to the prior acts, people often erroneously perceive contingencies that do not, in fact, exist
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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Success and failure are largely self-defined in terms of personal standards. The higher the self-standards, the more likely will given attainments be viewed as failures, regardless of what others might think.
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Discrepancies between self-efficacy judgment and performance will arise when either the tasks or the circumstances under which they are performed are ambiguous
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For many activities, people cannot rely solely on themselves in evaluating their ability level because such judgments require inferences from probabilistic indicants of talent about which they may have limited knowledge. Self-appraisals are, therefore, partly based on the opinions of others who presumably possess evaluative competence
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.
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Because of such conjointedness, behavior that exerts no effect whatsoever on outcomes is developed and consistently performed
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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Very often we developed a better grasp of the subjects than the over worked teachers.
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Judgments of adequacy involve social comparison processes
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