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The evaluative habits developed in sibling interactions undoubtedly affect the salience and choice of comparative referents in self-ability evaluations in later life

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Choices
Sibling
Ability
Interaction
Self
Affect
Evaluative
Life
Habits
Evaluations
Developed
Comparative
Later
Interactions
Choice
Evaluation
Habit
Undoubtedly

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Except for events that carry great weight, it is not experience per se, but how they match expectations, that governs their emotional impact
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There are countless studies on the negative spillover of job pressures on family life, but few on how job satisfaction enhances the quality of family life.
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The effects of outcome expectancies on performance motivation are partly governed by self-beliefs of efficacy
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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Ironically, it is the talented who have high aspirations, which are possible but exceedingly difficult to realize, who are especially vulnerable to self-dissatisfaction despite notable achievements.
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Even noteworthy performance attainments do not necessarily boost perceived self-efficacy
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The presence of many interacting influences, including the attainments of others, create further leeway in how one's performances and outcomes are cognitively appraised
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Once established, reputations do not easily change.
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If you look at our theories of social pathology and then at the dismal conditions in which children grow up in our ghettos, you would predict that all of them would be on drugs or psychological basket cases. Yet if you use criteria like gainful employment, forming partnerships and life without crime, you will find that most of those kids make it.
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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Because of such conjointedness, behavior that exerts no effect whatsoever on outcomes is developed and consistently performed
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Agemates provide the most informative points of reference for comparative efficacy appraisal and verification. Children are, therefore, especially sensitive to their relative standing among the peers with whom they affiliate in activities that determine prestige and popularity
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Self-belief does not necessarily ensure success, but self-disbelief assuredly spawns failure.
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People who are insecure about themselves will avoid social comparisons that are potentially threatening to their self-esteem
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People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
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Perceived self-efficacy also shapes causal thinking. In seeking solutions to difficult problems, those who perceived themselves as highly efficacious are inclined to attribute their failures to insufficient effort, whereas those of comparable skills but lower perceived self-efficacy ascribe their failures to deficient ability
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Humans are producers of their life circumstance not just products of them.
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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Comparative appraisals of efficacy require not only evaluation of ones own performances but also knowledge of how others do, cognizance of nonability determinants of their performances, and some understanding that it is others, like oneself, who provide the most informative social criterion for comparison
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Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.
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