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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Others
Self
Selected
Abilities
Improvement
Performances
Standards
Ability
Often

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Except for events that carry great weight, it is not experience per se, but how they match expectations, that governs their emotional impact
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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Self-percepts foster actions that generate information, as well as serve as a filtering mechanism for self-referent information in the self-maintaining process
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
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Freedom [should not be] conceived negatively as exemption from social influences or situational constraints. Rather...positively as the exercise of self-influence to bring about desired results.
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To grant thought causal efficacy is not to invoke a disembodied mental state
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A theory that denies that thoughts can regulate actions does not lend itself readily to the explanation of complex human behavior.
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Self-appraisals of efficacy are reasonably accurate, but they diverge from action because people do not know fully what they will have to do, lack information for regulating their effort, or are hindered by external factors from doing what they can
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Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations.
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Among the types of thoughts that affect action, none is more central or pervasive than people's judgments of their capabilities to deal effectively with different realities
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Most of the images of reality on which we base our actions are really based on vicarious experience.
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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy
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Very often we developed a better grasp of the subjects than the over worked teachers.
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Even noteworthy performance attainments do not necessarily boost perceived self-efficacy
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