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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Performances
Standards
Ability
Often
Others
Self
Selected
Abilities
Improvement

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In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy results from diverse sources of information conveyed vicariously and through social evaluation, as well as through direct experience
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Self-efficacy beliefs differ from outcome expectations, judgments of the likely consequence [that] behavior will produce.
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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We are more heavily invested in the theories of failure than we are in the theories of success.
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Perceived self-inefficacy predicts avoidance of academic activities whereas anxiety does not
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Regression analyses show that self-efficacy contributes to achievement behavior beyond the effects of cognitive skills
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When experience contradicts firmly held judgments of self-efficacy, people may not change their beliefs about themselves if the conditions of performance are such as to lead them to discount the import of the experience
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Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing.
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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy
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Self-appraisals are influenced by evaluative reactions of others.
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Discrepancies between self-efficacy judgment and performance will arise when either the tasks or the circumstances under which they are performed are ambiguous
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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Indeed there are many competent people who are plagued by a sense of inefficacy, and many less competent ones who remain unperturbed by impending threats because they are self-assured of their coping capabilities
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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Comparative appraisals of efficacy require not only evaluation of ones own performances but also knowledge of how others do, cognizance of nonability determinants of their performances, and some understanding that it is others, like oneself, who provide the most informative social criterion for comparison
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People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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Humans are producers of their life circumstance not just products of them.
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One cannot afford to be a realist.
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