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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Self
Selected
Abilities
Improvement
Performances
Standards
Ability
Often
Others

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Moral justification is a powerful disengagement mechanism. Destructive conduct is made personally and socially acceptable by portraying it in the service of moral ends. This is why most appeals against violent means usually fall on deaf ears.
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People who are insecure about themselves will avoid social comparisons that are potentially threatening to their self-esteem
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In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy results from diverse sources of information conveyed vicariously and through social evaluation, as well as through direct experience
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Self efficacious children tend to attribute their successes to ability, but ability attributions affect performance indirectly through perceived self-efficacy
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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Given a sufficient level of perceived self-efficacy to take on threatening tasks, phobics perform them with varying amounts of fear arousal depending on the strength of their perceived self-efficacy
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.
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To the extent that children with similar characteristics achieve comparable performance levels, using the performances of similar peers is likely to yield more accurate self-appraisal than using the accomplishments of dissimilar peers
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Perceived self-efficacy influences the types of causal attributions people make for their performances
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To grant thought causal efficacy is not to invoke a disembodied mental state
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Even the self-assured will raise their perceived self-efficacy if models teach them better ways of doing things.
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Perceived self-efficacy in coping with potential threats leads people to approach such situations anxiously, and experience of disruptive arousal may further lower their sense of efficacy that they will be able to perform skillfully
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
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Once established, reputations do not easily change.
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Even noteworthy performance attainments do not necessarily boost perceived self-efficacy
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People’s beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities.
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.
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