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Students judge how well they might do in a chemistry course from knowing how peers, who performed comparably to them in physics, fared in chemistry

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Course
Performed
Knowing
Peers
Wells
Chemistry
Might
Physics
Well
Judge
Judging
Students
Courses
Fared

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Even the self-assured will raise their perceived self-efficacy if models teach them better ways of doing things.
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing.
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Forceful actions arising from erroneous beliefs often create social effects that confirm the misbeliefs
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If you look at our theories of social pathology and then at the dismal conditions in which children grow up in our ghettos, you would predict that all of them would be on drugs or psychological basket cases. Yet if you use criteria like gainful employment, forming partnerships and life without crime, you will find that most of those kids make it.
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Even noteworthy performance attainments do not necessarily boost perceived self-efficacy
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The presence of many interacting influences, including the attainments of others, create further leeway in how one's performances and outcomes are cognitively appraised
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Freedom [should not be] conceived negatively as exemption from social influences or situational constraints. Rather...positively as the exercise of self-influence to bring about desired results.
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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People’s beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities.
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps
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Misbeliefs in one's inefficacy may retard development of the very subskills upon which more complex performances depend
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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In order to succeed, people need a sense of self-efficacy, to struggle together with resilience to meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life.
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
Albert Bandura