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Given a sufficient level of perceived self-efficacy to take on threatening tasks, phobics perform them with varying amounts of fear arousal depending on the strength of their perceived self-efficacy

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Fear
Threatening
Given
Perform
Self
Sufficient
Arousal
Take
Tasks
Varying
Level
Efficacy
Strength
Amounts
Amount
Depending
Levels
Perceived

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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy
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Social cognitive theory rejects the dichotomous conception of self as agent and self as object. Acting on the environment and acting on oneself entail shifting the perspective of the same agent rather than reifying different selves regulating each other or transforming the self from agent to object
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Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing.
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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Because of such conjointedness, behavior that exerts no effect whatsoever on outcomes is developed and consistently performed
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In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy results from diverse sources of information conveyed vicariously and through social evaluation, as well as through direct experience
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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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Indeed there are many competent people who are plagued by a sense of inefficacy, and many less competent ones who remain unperturbed by impending threats because they are self-assured of their coping capabilities
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Incongruities between self-efficacy and action may stem from misperceptions of task demands, as well as from faulty self-knowledge
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Measures of self-precept must be tailored to the domain of psychological functioning being explored.
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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Students judge how well they might do in a chemistry course from knowing how peers, who performed comparably to them in physics, fared in chemistry
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If there is any characteristic that is distinctly human, it is the capability for reflective self-consciousness.
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When experience contradicts firmly held judgments of self-efficacy, people may not change their beliefs about themselves if the conditions of performance are such as to lead them to discount the import of the experience
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Freedom [should not be] conceived negatively as exemption from social influences or situational constraints. Rather...positively as the exercise of self-influence to bring about desired results.
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Judgments of adequacy involve social comparison processes
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