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Perceived self-efficacy influences the types of causal attributions people make for their performances

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Influence
Attribution
Self
Causal
Make
Efficacy
People
Perceived
Influences
Types
Performances
Type

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People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
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Misbeliefs in one's inefficacy may retard development of the very subskills upon which more complex performances depend
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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Self-belief does not necessarily ensure success, but self-disbelief assuredly spawns failure.
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Self-doubt creates the impetus for learning but hinders adept use of previously established skills
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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Persons who have a strong sense of efficacy deploy their attention and effort to the demands of the situation and are spurred by obstacles to greater effort.
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The satisfactions people derive from what they do are determined to a large degree by their self-evaluative standards
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Even noteworthy performance attainments do not necessarily boost perceived self-efficacy
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Regression analyses show that self-efficacy contributes to achievement behavior beyond the effects of cognitive skills
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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Moreover, joint occurrences tend to be better recalled than instances when the effect does not occur. The proneness to remember confirming instances, but to overlook disconfirming ones, further serves to convert, in thought, coincidences into causalities.
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The evaluative habits developed in sibling interactions undoubtedly affect the salience and choice of comparative referents in self-ability evaluations in later life
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When experience contradicts firmly held judgments of self-efficacy, people may not change their beliefs about themselves if the conditions of performance are such as to lead them to discount the import of the experience
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We are more heavily invested in the theories of failure than we are in the theories of success.
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