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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Performances
Serve
Effects
Influence
Intervening
Information
Efficacy
Self
Largely
Factors
Performance

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Judgments of adequacy involve social comparison processes
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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What people think, believe, and feel affects how they behave. The natural and extrinsic effects of their actions, in turn, partly determine their thought patterns and affective reactions.
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Most of the images of reality on which we base our actions are really based on vicarious experience.
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Even noteworthy performance attainments do not necessarily boost perceived self-efficacy
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People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
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Self-appraisals are influenced by evaluative reactions of others.
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People infer high self-efficacy from successes achieved through minimal effort on difficult tasks, but they infer low self-efficacy if they had to work hard under favorable conditions to master relatively easy tasks
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To the extent that children with similar characteristics achieve comparable performance levels, using the performances of similar peers is likely to yield more accurate self-appraisal than using the accomplishments of dissimilar peers
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Because of such conjointedness, behavior that exerts no effect whatsoever on outcomes is developed and consistently performed
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Success and failure are largely self-defined in terms of personal standards. The higher the self-standards, the more likely will given attainments be viewed as failures, regardless of what others might think.
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For many activities, people cannot rely solely on themselves in evaluating their ability level because such judgments require inferences from probabilistic indicants of talent about which they may have limited knowledge. Self-appraisals are, therefore, partly based on the opinions of others who presumably possess evaluative competence
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Perceived self-efficacy influences the types of causal attributions people make for their performances
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To grant thought causal efficacy is not to invoke a disembodied mental state
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People who are insecure about themselves will avoid social comparisons that are potentially threatening to their self-esteem
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Discrepancies between self-efficacy judgment and performance will arise when either the tasks or the circumstances under which they are performed are ambiguous
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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