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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Self
Stress
Misgivings
People
Concern
Competencies
Failing
Failings
Personal
Undermine
Possible
Proceed
Attention
Possess
Referent
Use
Creates
Diverting
Best
Effective
Mishaps

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Discrepancies between self-efficacy judgment and performance will arise when either the tasks or the circumstances under which they are performed are ambiguous
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Misbeliefs in one's inefficacy may retard development of the very subskills upon which more complex performances depend
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Perceived self-efficacy influences the types of causal attributions people make for their performances
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People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided.
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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Self-doubt creates the impetus for learning but hinders adept use of previously established skills
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The evaluative habits developed in sibling interactions undoubtedly affect the salience and choice of comparative referents in self-ability evaluations in later life
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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Even the self-assured will raise their perceived self-efficacy if models teach them better ways of doing things.
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Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations.
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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy
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People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
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Students judge how well they might do in a chemistry course from knowing how peers, who performed comparably to them in physics, fared in chemistry
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The human condition is better improved by altering detrimental circumstances and personal perspectives than by trying to alter personal outlooks, while ignoring the very circumstances that serve to nourish them
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