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Self-doubt creates the impetus for learning but hinders adept use of previously established skills

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Established
Creates
Skills
Learning
Hinders
Doubt
Adept
Use
Impetus
Self
Previously
Hinder

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Self efficacious children tend to attribute their successes to ability, but ability attributions affect performance indirectly through perceived self-efficacy
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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Perceived self-efficacy in coping with potential threats leads people to approach such situations anxiously, and experience of disruptive arousal may further lower their sense of efficacy that they will be able to perform skillfully
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Perceived self-efficacy and beliefs about the locus of outcome causality must be distinguished
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People behave agentically, but they produce theories that afford people very little agency.
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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People who are insecure about themselves will avoid social comparisons that are potentially threatening to their self-esteem
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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Comparative appraisals of efficacy require not only evaluation of ones own performances but also knowledge of how others do, cognizance of nonability determinants of their performances, and some understanding that it is others, like oneself, who provide the most informative social criterion for comparison
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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If there is any characteristic that is distinctly human, it is the capability for reflective self-consciousness.
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The evaluative habits developed in sibling interactions undoubtedly affect the salience and choice of comparative referents in self-ability evaluations in later life
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After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.
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Moreover, joint occurrences tend to be better recalled than instances when the effect does not occur. The proneness to remember confirming instances, but to overlook disconfirming ones, further serves to convert, in thought, coincidences into causalities.
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Persons who have a strong sense of efficacy deploy their attention and effort to the demands of the situation and are spurred by obstacles to greater effort.
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Self-efficacy beliefs differ from outcome expectations, judgments of the likely consequence [that] behavior will produce.
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