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The effects of outcome expectancies on performance motivation are partly governed by self-beliefs of efficacy

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Outcomes
Beliefs
Performance
Performances
Expectancy
Motivation
Efficacy
Effects
Governed
Belief
Partly
Self
Outcome

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Among the types of thoughts that affect action, none is more central or pervasive than people's judgments of their capabilities to deal effectively with different realities
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Incongruities between self-efficacy and action may stem from misperceptions of task demands, as well as from faulty self-knowledge
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People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.
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The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.
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Most of the images of reality on which we base our actions are really based on vicarious experience.
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In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy results from diverse sources of information conveyed vicariously and through social evaluation, as well as through direct experience
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Judgments of adequacy involve social comparison processes
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People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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It is no more informative to speak of self-efficacy in global terms than to speak of nonspecific social behavior
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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Indeed there are many competent people who are plagued by a sense of inefficacy, and many less competent ones who remain unperturbed by impending threats because they are self-assured of their coping capabilities
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Students judge how well they might do in a chemistry course from knowing how peers, who performed comparably to them in physics, fared in chemistry
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Very often we developed a better grasp of the subjects than the over worked teachers.
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Self-appraisals of efficacy are reasonably accurate, but they diverge from action because people do not know fully what they will have to do, lack information for regulating their effort, or are hindered by external factors from doing what they can
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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy
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When actions are followed by events that are not causally related to the prior acts, people often erroneously perceive contingencies that do not, in fact, exist
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