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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Doe
Determination
Widely
Result
Assumed
Personal
Apathy
Results
Occur
Create
Regardless
Belief
Outcomes
Sense
Whereas
Power
Beliefs
Efficacy

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Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.
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The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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The human condition is better improved by altering detrimental circumstances and personal perspectives than by trying to alter personal outlooks, while ignoring the very circumstances that serve to nourish them
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People regulate their level and distribution of effort in accordance with the effects they expect their actions to have. As a result, their behavior is better predicted from their beliefs than from the actual consequences of their actions
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People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
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After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.
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If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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The evaluative habits developed in sibling interactions undoubtedly affect the salience and choice of comparative referents in self-ability evaluations in later life
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When people are not aiming for anything in particular or when they cannot monitor their performance, there is little basis for translating perceived efficacy into appropriate magnitudes of effort
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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Self-appraisals of efficacy are reasonably accurate, but they diverge from action because people do not know fully what they will have to do, lack information for regulating their effort, or are hindered by external factors from doing what they can
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps
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Agemates provide the most informative points of reference for comparative efficacy appraisal and verification. Children are, therefore, especially sensitive to their relative standing among the peers with whom they affiliate in activities that determine prestige and popularity
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Forceful actions arising from erroneous beliefs often create social effects that confirm the misbeliefs
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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People who are insecure about themselves will avoid social comparisons that are potentially threatening to their self-esteem
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The presence of many interacting influences, including the attainments of others, create further leeway in how one's performances and outcomes are cognitively appraised
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