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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Create
Regardless
Belief
Outcomes
Sense
Whereas
Power
Beliefs
Efficacy
Doe
Determination
Widely
Result
Assumed
Personal
Apathy
Results
Occur

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Moreover, joint occurrences tend to be better recalled than instances when the effect does not occur. The proneness to remember confirming instances, but to overlook disconfirming ones, further serves to convert, in thought, coincidences into causalities.
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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Social cognitive theory rejects the dichotomous conception of self as agent and self as object. Acting on the environment and acting on oneself entail shifting the perspective of the same agent rather than reifying different selves regulating each other or transforming the self from agent to object
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Moral justification is a powerful disengagement mechanism. Destructive conduct is made personally and socially acceptable by portraying it in the service of moral ends. This is why most appeals against violent means usually fall on deaf ears.
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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Comparative appraisals of efficacy require not only evaluation of ones own performances but also knowledge of how others do, cognizance of nonability determinants of their performances, and some understanding that it is others, like oneself, who provide the most informative social criterion for comparison
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy
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Once established, reputations do not easily change.
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Persons who have a strong sense of efficacy deploy their attention and effort to the demands of the situation and are spurred by obstacles to greater effort.
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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps
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If there is any characteristic that is distinctly human, it is the capability for reflective self-consciousness.
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Among the types of thoughts that affect action, none is more central or pervasive than people's judgments of their capabilities to deal effectively with different realities
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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Many people who gain recognition and fame shape their lives by overcoming seemingly insurmountable obstacles, only to be catapulted into new social realities over which they have less control and manage badly. Indeed, the annals of the famous and infamous are strewn with individuals who were both architects and victims of their life courses.
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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