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Regression analyses show that self-efficacy contributes to achievement behavior beyond the effects of cognitive skills

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Achievement
Skills
Behavior
Analyses
Effects
Regression
Beyond
Contributes
Show
Efficacy
Shows
Cognitive
Self
Analysis

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People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
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Self-percepts foster actions that generate information, as well as serve as a filtering mechanism for self-referent information in the self-maintaining process
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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy
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People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided.
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Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing.
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People behave agentically, but they produce theories that afford people very little agency.
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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Perceived self-efficacy and beliefs about the locus of outcome causality must be distinguished
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If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
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The presence of many interacting influences, including the attainments of others, create further leeway in how one's performances and outcomes are cognitively appraised
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What people think, believe, and feel affects how they behave. The natural and extrinsic effects of their actions, in turn, partly determine their thought patterns and affective reactions.
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Social cognitive theory rejects the dichotomous conception of self as agent and self as object. Acting on the environment and acting on oneself entail shifting the perspective of the same agent rather than reifying different selves regulating each other or transforming the self from agent to object
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Perceived self-efficacy also shapes causal thinking. In seeking solutions to difficult problems, those who perceived themselves as highly efficacious are inclined to attribute their failures to insufficient effort, whereas those of comparable skills but lower perceived self-efficacy ascribe their failures to deficient ability
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Indeed there are many competent people who are plagued by a sense of inefficacy, and many less competent ones who remain unperturbed by impending threats because they are self-assured of their coping capabilities
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People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
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Judgments of adequacy involve social comparison processes
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The satisfactions people derive from what they do are determined to a large degree by their self-evaluative standards
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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People who are insecure about themselves will avoid social comparisons that are potentially threatening to their self-esteem
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We are more heavily invested in the theories of failure than we are in the theories of success.
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