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In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy results from diverse sources of information conveyed vicariously and through social evaluation, as well as through direct experience

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Results
Cognitive
Experience
Perceived
Social
Sources
Wells
Diverse
Well
Direct
Vicariously
Self
Source
Conveyed
Theory
Efficacy
Information
Evaluation

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Freedom [should not be] conceived negatively as exemption from social influences or situational constraints. Rather...positively as the exercise of self-influence to bring about desired results.
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Because of such conjointedness, behavior that exerts no effect whatsoever on outcomes is developed and consistently performed
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The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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Even noteworthy performance attainments do not necessarily boost perceived self-efficacy
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Once established, reputations do not easily change.
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Comparative appraisals of efficacy require not only evaluation of ones own performances but also knowledge of how others do, cognizance of nonability determinants of their performances, and some understanding that it is others, like oneself, who provide the most informative social criterion for comparison
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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The human condition is better improved by altering detrimental circumstances and personal perspectives than by trying to alter personal outlooks, while ignoring the very circumstances that serve to nourish them
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People who believe they have the power to exercise some measure of control over their lives are healthier, more effective and more successful than those who lack faith in their ability to effect changes in their lives.
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Very often we developed a better grasp of the subjects than the over worked teachers.
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Moreover, joint occurrences tend to be better recalled than instances when the effect does not occur. The proneness to remember confirming instances, but to overlook disconfirming ones, further serves to convert, in thought, coincidences into causalities.
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It is widely assumed that beliefs in personal determination of outcomes create a sense of efficacy and power, whereas beliefs that outcomes occur regardless of what one does result in apathy
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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Self-appraisals of efficacy are reasonably accurate, but they diverge from action because people do not know fully what they will have to do, lack information for regulating their effort, or are hindered by external factors from doing what they can
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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In the self-appraisal of efficacy, there are many sources of information that must be processed and weighed through self-referent thought
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