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The presence of many interacting influences, including the attainments of others, create further leeway in how one's performances and outcomes are cognitively appraised

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Influence
Attainments
Create
Interacting
Others
Attainment
Many
Influences
Outcomes
Presence
Appraised
Performances
Cognitively
Including
Leeway

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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps
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When actions are followed by events that are not causally related to the prior acts, people often erroneously perceive contingencies that do not, in fact, exist
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Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing.
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy results from diverse sources of information conveyed vicariously and through social evaluation, as well as through direct experience
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People infer high self-efficacy from successes achieved through minimal effort on difficult tasks, but they infer low self-efficacy if they had to work hard under favorable conditions to master relatively easy tasks
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A theory that denies that thoughts can regulate actions does not lend itself readily to the explanation of complex human behavior.
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People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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To grant thought causal efficacy is not to invoke a disembodied mental state
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The effects of outcome expectancies on performance motivation are partly governed by self-beliefs of efficacy
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The satisfactions people derive from what they do are determined to a large degree by their self-evaluative standards
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Except for events that carry great weight, it is not experience per se, but how they match expectations, that governs their emotional impact
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For many activities, people cannot rely solely on themselves in evaluating their ability level because such judgments require inferences from probabilistic indicants of talent about which they may have limited knowledge. Self-appraisals are, therefore, partly based on the opinions of others who presumably possess evaluative competence
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Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations.
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Misbeliefs in one's inefficacy may retard development of the very subskills upon which more complex performances depend
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People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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[Attributional] factors serve as conveyors of efficacy information that influence performance largely through their intervening effects on self-percepts of efficacy
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Self-percepts foster actions that generate information, as well as serve as a filtering mechanism for self-referent information in the self-maintaining process
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