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When actions are followed by events that are not causally related to the prior acts, people often erroneously perceive contingencies that do not, in fact, exist
Albert Bandura
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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Often
Followed
Action
Acts
Facts
Perceive
People
Related
Causally
Actions
Contingencies
Exist
Erroneously
Events
Contingency
Fact
Prior
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Through their capacity to manipulate symbols and to engage in reflective thought, people can generate novel ideas and innovative actions that transcend their past experiences
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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The human condition is better improved by altering detrimental circumstances and personal perspectives than by trying to alter personal outlooks, while ignoring the very circumstances that serve to nourish them
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Even the self-assured will raise their perceived self-efficacy if models teach them better ways of doing things.
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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Misbeliefs in one's inefficacy may retard development of the very subskills upon which more complex performances depend
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Students judge how well they might do in a chemistry course from knowing how peers, who performed comparably to them in physics, fared in chemistry
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Dualistic doctrines that regard mind and body as separate entities do not provide much enlightenment on the nature of the disembodied mental state or on how an immaterial mind and bodily events act on each other
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Perceived self-efficacy and beliefs about the locus of outcome causality must be distinguished
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Forceful actions arising from erroneous beliefs often create social effects that confirm the misbeliefs
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To grant thought causal efficacy is not to invoke a disembodied mental state
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If there is any characteristic that is distinctly human, it is the capability for reflective self-consciousness.
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Very often we developed a better grasp of the subjects than the over worked teachers.
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Success and failure are largely self-defined in terms of personal standards. The higher the self-standards, the more likely will given attainments be viewed as failures, regardless of what others might think.
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Self-percepts foster actions that generate information, as well as serve as a filtering mechanism for self-referent information in the self-maintaining process
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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Regression analyses show that self-efficacy contributes to achievement behavior beyond the effects of cognitive skills
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Agemates provide the most informative points of reference for comparative efficacy appraisal and verification. Children are, therefore, especially sensitive to their relative standing among the peers with whom they affiliate in activities that determine prestige and popularity
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Social cognitive theory rejects the dichotomous conception of self as agent and self as object. Acting on the environment and acting on oneself entail shifting the perspective of the same agent rather than reifying different selves regulating each other or transforming the self from agent to object
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