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Forceful actions arising from erroneous beliefs often create social effects that confirm the misbeliefs

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Beliefs
Actions
Effects
Create
Belief
Forceful
Often
Erroneous
Social
Arising
Action
Confirm

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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Regression analyses show that self-efficacy contributes to achievement behavior beyond the effects of cognitive skills
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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Gaining insight into one's underlying motives, it seems, is more like a belief conversion than a self-discovery process
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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When experience contradicts firmly held judgments of self-efficacy, people may not change their beliefs about themselves if the conditions of performance are such as to lead them to discount the import of the experience
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Perceived self-efficacy in coping with potential threats leads people to approach such situations anxiously, and experience of disruptive arousal may further lower their sense of efficacy that they will be able to perform skillfully
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If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
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For many activities, people cannot rely solely on themselves in evaluating their ability level because such judgments require inferences from probabilistic indicants of talent about which they may have limited knowledge. Self-appraisals are, therefore, partly based on the opinions of others who presumably possess evaluative competence
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The satisfactions people derive from what they do are determined to a large degree by their self-evaluative standards
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Self-doubt creates the impetus for learning but hinders adept use of previously established skills
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People behave agentically, but they produce theories that afford people very little agency.
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Measures of self-precept must be tailored to the domain of psychological functioning being explored.
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How children learn to use diverse sources of efficacy information in developing a stable and accurate sense of personal efficacy is a matter of considerable interest
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To the extent that children with similar characteristics achieve comparable performance levels, using the performances of similar peers is likely to yield more accurate self-appraisal than using the accomplishments of dissimilar peers
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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Humans are producers of their life circumstance not just products of them.
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In any given instance, behavior can be predicted best by considering both self-efficacy and outcome beliefs . . . different patterns of self-efficacy and outcome beliefs are likely to produce different psychological effects
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