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Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.
Albert Bandura
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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Cannot
Provide
Change
However
Live
Personal
Mean
Ought
People
Lives
Means
Social
Effecting
Tell
Psychology
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We are more heavily invested in the theories of failure than we are in the theories of success.
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People infer high self-efficacy from successes achieved through minimal effort on difficult tasks, but they infer low self-efficacy if they had to work hard under favorable conditions to master relatively easy tasks
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Such self-referent misgivings creates stress and undermine effective use of the competencies people possess by diverting attention from how best to proceed to concern over personal failings and possible mishaps
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Self-efficacy beliefs differ from outcome expectations, judgments of the likely consequence [that] behavior will produce.
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Because of such conjointedness, behavior that exerts no effect whatsoever on outcomes is developed and consistently performed
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Moreover, joint occurrences tend to be better recalled than instances when the effect does not occur. The proneness to remember confirming instances, but to overlook disconfirming ones, further serves to convert, in thought, coincidences into causalities.
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If you look at our theories of social pathology and then at the dismal conditions in which children grow up in our ghettos, you would predict that all of them would be on drugs or psychological basket cases. Yet if you use criteria like gainful employment, forming partnerships and life without crime, you will find that most of those kids make it.
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Measures of self-precept must be tailored to the domain of psychological functioning being explored.
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If there is any characteristic that is distinctly human, it is the capability for reflective self-consciousness.
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People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided.
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Agemates provide the most informative points of reference for comparative efficacy appraisal and verification. Children are, therefore, especially sensitive to their relative standing among the peers with whom they affiliate in activities that determine prestige and popularity
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Perceived self-inefficacy predicts avoidance of academic activities whereas anxiety does not
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