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Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Mean
Ought
People
Lives
Means
Social
Effecting
Tell
Psychology
Cannot
Provide
Change
However
Live
Personal

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Self-appraisals are influenced by evaluative reactions of others.
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To grant thought causal efficacy is not to invoke a disembodied mental state
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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A problem of future research is to clarify how young children learn what type of social comparative information is most useful for efficacy evaluation
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To the extent that children with similar characteristics achieve comparable performance levels, using the performances of similar peers is likely to yield more accurate self-appraisal than using the accomplishments of dissimilar peers
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Perceived self-inefficacy predicts avoidance of academic activities whereas anxiety does not
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People infer high self-efficacy from successes achieved through minimal effort on difficult tasks, but they infer low self-efficacy if they had to work hard under favorable conditions to master relatively easy tasks
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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Perceived self-efficacy also shapes causal thinking. In seeking solutions to difficult problems, those who perceived themselves as highly efficacious are inclined to attribute their failures to insufficient effort, whereas those of comparable skills but lower perceived self-efficacy ascribe their failures to deficient ability
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In social cognitive theory, perceived self-efficacy results from diverse sources of information conveyed vicariously and through social evaluation, as well as through direct experience
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The evaluative habits developed in sibling interactions undoubtedly affect the salience and choice of comparative referents in self-ability evaluations in later life
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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People’s beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities.
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Students judge how well they might do in a chemistry course from knowing how peers, who performed comparably to them in physics, fared in chemistry
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People behave agentically, but they produce theories that afford people very little agency.
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If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
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A theory that denies that thoughts can regulate actions does not lend itself readily to the explanation of complex human behavior.
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Indeed there are many competent people who are plagued by a sense of inefficacy, and many less competent ones who remain unperturbed by impending threats because they are self-assured of their coping capabilities
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Even the self-assured will raise their perceived self-efficacy if models teach them better ways of doing things.
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Self-efficacy beliefs differ from outcome expectations, judgments of the likely consequence [that] behavior will produce.
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