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If there is any characteristic that is distinctly human, it is the capability for reflective self-consciousness.

Albert Bandura

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Albert Bandura
Age: 95 †
Born: 1925
Born: December 4
Died: 2021
Died: July 26
Psychologist
University Teacher
Humans
Characteristic
Self
Capability
Characteristics
Educational
Consciousness
Philosophy
Literature
Distinctly
Human
Reflective

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The adequacy of performance attainments depends upon the personal standards against which they are judged
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Coping with the demands of everyday life would be exceedingly trying if one could arrive at solutions to problems only by actually performing possible options and suffering the consequences.
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As a general rule, moderate levels of arousal facilitate deployment of skills, whereas high arousal disrupts it. This is especially true of complex activities requiring intricate organization of behavior
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Self-percepts foster actions that generate information, as well as serve as a filtering mechanism for self-referent information in the self-maintaining process
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Perceived self-efficacy also shapes causal thinking. In seeking solutions to difficult problems, those who perceived themselves as highly efficacious are inclined to attribute their failures to insufficient effort, whereas those of comparable skills but lower perceived self-efficacy ascribe their failures to deficient ability
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Indeed there are many competent people who are plagued by a sense of inefficacy, and many less competent ones who remain unperturbed by impending threats because they are self-assured of their coping capabilities
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Moral justification is a powerful disengagement mechanism. Destructive conduct is made personally and socially acceptable by portraying it in the service of moral ends. This is why most appeals against violent means usually fall on deaf ears.
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People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
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The performances of others are often selected as standards for self-improvement of abilities
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Most of the images of reality on which we base our actions are really based on vicarious experience.
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Discrepancies between self-efficacy judgment and performance will arise when either the tasks or the circumstances under which they are performed are ambiguous
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Self-appraisals of efficacy are reasonably accurate, but they diverge from action because people do not know fully what they will have to do, lack information for regulating their effort, or are hindered by external factors from doing what they can
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Humans are producers of their life circumstance not just products of them.
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Stringent standards of self-evaluation [can] make otherwise objective successes seem to be personal failures
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If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
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Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
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Convictions that outcomes are determined by one's own actions can be either demoralizing or heartening, depending on the level of self-judged efficacy. People who regard outcomes as personally determined, but who lack the requisite skills, would experience low self-efficacy and view the activities with a sense of futility
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[Children] receive direct instruction from time to time about the appropriateness of various social comparisons
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Very often we developed a better grasp of the subjects than the over worked teachers.
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People who are insecure about themselves will avoid social comparisons that are potentially threatening to their self-esteem
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